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Assessment in Education
Essay Test vs Objective Test
Essay Item An essay item is one in which the examinee relies upon his memory and past associations to answer the questions in a few words only. Since such items can be answered in whatever manner one likes and these items are also known as free answer items. Essay items are most appropriate for measuring higher mental processes which involve the process of synthesis, analysis, evaluation, organization and criticism of the events of the past.…
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Educational Law
Law and its types
LAW All the rules and regulations that are required to maintain a community, organization, society, or a country are referred as its laws. Laws regulate the behavior of the members of the community. There are property laws, constitutional laws, contract law, criminal law, religious law, and even international law governing relations between nations. In a democracy, there is the rule of the law, which indicates it is a fair system of rule. TYPES OF LAW…
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Educational Planning & Financing
Need and Scope of Educational Planning
Definitions Educational Planning is defined as: “The process of determining the objectives of education, educational institutions, or educational programs and the means (activities, procedures, resources, etc.) for attaining them.” or “The process of making arrangements or preparations to facilitate the training, instruction or study that leads to the acquisition of skills or knowledge, or the development of reasoning and judgment.” Need and Scope of Educational Planning Educational planning and decision-making, like planning in other social…
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Educational Research
Qualitative vs Quantitative Research
What is Research? Research is the systematic, rigorous investigation of a situation or problem in order to generate new knowledge or validate existing knowledge. On a broader perspective, all researches can be classified into two groups: Qualitative ResearchQuantitative Research Qualitative Research Qualitative research is research dealing with phenomena that are difficult or impossible to quantify mathematically, such as beliefs meanings, attributes, and symbols Qualitative researchers aim to gather an in-depth understanding of human behavior and…
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Educational Research
Research and Development (R&D)
Introduction Like any other business, organization or field of life, Education is also facing many challenges in this rapid changing era. To cope with the challenges, development in the field of education is a must, which can be brought best through research. Research and Development activities can help to evolve existing curricula, learning materials, teaching methodologies and techniques, and current assessment systems. So, research through development leads to innovation. Definitions Research and development (R&D) is…
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Types of Research By Purpose
Research is systematic way to find out facts and knowledge as Kothari (2006) has analyzed that research is the pursuit of truth with the help of study, observation, comparison and experiment; the search for knowledge through objective and systematic method of finding solutions to a problem. However there are two types of researches one is by Purpose and other is by method. The type by purpose falls into three categorize such as Basic, Applied and…
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Maria Montessori 1870-1952
Montessori System, purpose and Method She was basically a doctor by profession; she was working with mentally handicapped children in Italy in a hospital where she developed a child-centered approach to teach such students, this approach was known as Montessori system of education. It was a system of education for young children that seek to develop natural interest and activities rather than using formal teaching methods. During her experiments with mentally handicapped children she proved…
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John Dewey Laboratory School 1859-1952
Purpose and Method John Dewey was born 1859; he was a pragmatist and experimentalist. He tested every hypothesis by its consequences. According to him: There is no absolute value, knowledge and reality Action is real Man is an active being Man is capable of solving his problems through the logic of scientific method According to him the only reality is one’s experience of objects, physical and social surroundings around him. True knowledge increases through experience,…
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Froebel – The Kindergarten
He was a German educationist. In 1877 he established a school named Kindergarten or Childers’s garden, so he developed the basic idea about children’s education. According to him, children were like a flower and teacher was a Gardner. He stressed that each child has the ability to learn. We should provide him freedom so that he might be motivated internally to learn. The school atmosphere must be free from fear and restrictions. The school atmosphere…
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Imam Ghazali
Abu Hāmed Mohammad ibn Mohammad al-Ghazzālī (1058–1111) (Persian: ابو حامد محمد ابن محمد الغزالی), known as Algazel to the western medieval world, born and died in Tus, in the Khorasan province of Persia (modern day Iran) was a Persian Muslim theologian, jurist, philosopher, and mystic. Imam Ghazali was born in at Ghazala near Tus in 1058 A. D. He is called Ghazali because he was born at Ghazala and also his father was known as…