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Micro Teaching Cycle
Micro Teaching Micro teaching is a procedure in which a student teacher practices teaching with a reduced number of pupils in a reduced period of time with emphasis on a narrow and specific teaching skill. Steps of Micro Teaching Cycle The six steps generally involved in micro-teaching cycle are Plan, Teach, Feedback, Re-plan, Re-teach, and Re-feedback. There can be variations as per requirement of the objective of practice session. These steps are represented in the…
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Micro Teaching
Origin and Development of Micro-Teaching The idea of micro-teaching originated for the first time at Stanford University in USA, when an Experimental Project on the identification of teaching skills was in progress under the guidance and supervision of the faculty members (Bush, Allen, McDonald Acheson and many others). This project was aided by Ford Foundation and Kettering Foundation. The team of experts was assigned the development of testing and evaluation tools to measure the attainment…
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Pedagogy vs Andragogy
Pedagogy As Elaine Biech, author of Training for Dummies (2005) points out, pedagogy is a traditional style of teaching based on a didactic model, or lecturing. Generally, this model is content-centred and instructor-led. Pedagogy literally means the art of teaching children. Whereas adults learn primarily because they want or need to, children’s formal learning is usually led by someone else and is based on children learning specific tasks to prepare them to learn additional, more…
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Educational Softwares
Educational software is computer software, the primary purpose of which is teaching or self-learning. History The use of computer hardware and software in education and training dates to the early 1940s, when American researchers developed flight simulators which used analog computers to generate simulated on-board instrument data. One such system was the type19 synthetic radar trainer, built in 1943. From these early attempts in the WWII era through the mid-1970s, educational software was directly tied…
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Philosophy vs Religion
When looking for meaning in the world, people often turn to philosophy or religion. Both of these studies strive to understand many of the same ideas: Where did we come from? What is the meaning of life? What does it mean to be “good” or “bad”? What happens after we die? Yet they take different approaches and often come to very different conclusions. Because religion and philosophy both tackle some of the same ideas, these…
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Leaves Rules 1981 for Govt. Employees
Leave rules 1981 are still applicable and there are amendments and explanations time to time. Leave rules for all the civil Govt. Employees of Federal as well as Provincial Govt. Employees has been fully described here. The detail of Leaves on full pay, leave on half pay, medical leave, special leave for female staff, maternity leave, disability leave, and leave without pay is as under: How is Leave earned? A Govt. servant earns leave as…
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Concept, Nature and Significance of Planning
Meaning and Concept of Planning In simple words, planning is deciding in advance what is to be done, when where, how and by whom it is to be done. Planning bridges the gap from where we are to where we want to go. It includes the selection of objectives, policies, procedures and programs from among alternatives. A plan is a predetermined course of action to achieve a specified goal. It is an intellectual process characterized…
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Approaches to Educational Planning
The word ‘planning’ has lost the undertones it had earlier of infringement with individual liberties and is becoming increasingly accepted by all as part of the vocabulary of development, each country having its own type of planning within its own political system. In what follows, planning refers to the system a country adopts of forecasting its needs and setting up a framework, or alternative frameworks, of national action to meet them. It deals with matters…
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Steps involved in Planning
Definition of Planning “Planning is the process of setting goals, developing strategies, and outlining tasks and schedules to accomplish the goals.” Synonyms: plan, blueprint, design, project, scheme, strategy Steps Involved in Planning Planning is a process which embraces a number of steps to be taken. Planning is an intellectual exercise and a conscious determination of courses of action. Therefore, it requires courses of action. The planning process is valid for one organization and for one plan, may not be…
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The Project Method of Teaching
Introduction The project method is a significant landmark in the history of the methodology of education. It is directly in line with the current progress and fits in very comfortably with the other developments. The method is not totally new. It owes its origin to the American philosophers belonging to the pragmatic school of philosophy. W. H. Kilpatrick was a chief proponent of this method. He was influenced by the John Dewey’s Pragmatism principle. He…